Radish alpha
h
heartwood
Radicle Heartwood Protocol & Stack
Radicle
Git (anonymous pull)
Log in to clone via SSH
Commits ›
cli: Introduce `cob [create|update]`
Lorenz Leutgeb committed 1 year ago
commit e4d23fe56a7f7329ac98991bc55bb043ddede617
parent 547614a5bbdca85e1cbd205b37cae7e25ba01273
20 files changed +1241 -215
modified CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -36,6 +36,9 @@ Make sure all tests are passing with:


    $ cargo test --workspace
+ 
Some tests require `jq`. If `jq` is not detected, these tests will succeed
+ 
without effectively testing anything.
+ 


## Checking the docs



If you make documentation changes, you may want to check whether there are any
modified flake.nix
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@
              cargoExtraArgs = "-p ${name}";

              doCheck = false;
- 
              nativeBuildInputs = with pkgs; [asciidoctor installShellFiles];
+ 
              nativeBuildInputs = with pkgs; [asciidoctor installShellFiles jq];

              postInstall = ''

                for page in ${lib.escapeShellArgs pages}; do

                  asciidoctor -d manpage -b manpage $page
added radicle-cli/examples/rad-cob-multiset
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+ 
#! /usr/bin/env -S jq --from-file --sort-keys --compact-output
+ 
#
+ 
# Models a multiset as a JSON object.
+ 
#
+ 
# Takes an operation which contains actions, each in one of two shapes:
+ 
#
+ 
# Add x:
+ 
#
+ 
#   { "+": $x }
+ 
#
+ 
# Remove x:
+ 
#
+ 
#   { "-": $x }
+ 
#
+ 
# (where `$x` is a string).
+ 
#
+ 
# These actions are reduced to a multiset represented by an
+ 
# object. The key being the item to count (corresponding to `$x` above),
+ 
# and the value being the count itself (corresponding to how many times
+ 
# `$x` was added, minus how many times `$x` was removed).
+ 
#
+ 
# Errors if any unrecognizable action is encountered.
+ 
#
+ 
# For an example, see `rad-cob-multiset.md`.
+ 
reduce
+ 
    .op.actions[]
+ 
as {"+": $p, "-": $m} (
+ 
    .value;
+ 
    .[$p // $m // ("invalid" | halt_error)] |= (
+ 
        [. + (if $p then 1 else -1 end), 0] | max
+ 
    )
+ 
)
added radicle-cli/examples/rad-cob-multiset.md
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+ 
This example demonstrates handling of arbitrary Collaborative Objects (COBs) by means of an external program.
+ 
The external program is called a "COB helper" (analogous to "remote helpers" that can be used to extend Git).
+ 
It consumes the current state of the COB and at least one operation (all in [JSON]) to be applied to it via files whose names are passed as arguments.
+ 
It returns the resulting COB by printing it to standard output in [JSON].
+
+ 
For the sake of example, consider a simplified shopping list, where every item on the list is associated with an integral quantity:
+
+ 
 - 5 Bananas
+ 
 - 3 Zucchini
+ 
 - 1 Bar of Chocolate
+
+ 
One data structure that maps to this concept very well is a [multiset] (sometimes also called "bag").
+ 
So, let us introduce a new COB type with the name `com.example.multiset` that implements multisets, which we will then use to model our shopping list.
+
+ 
The COB we implement should allow two actions:
+
+ 
 - The action `+`, which adds an item or, if already present, increases the associated quantity.
+ 
 - The action `-`, which decreases the associated quantity of an item, if it is non-zero.
+
+ 
We model actions as objects in [JSON], and a sequence of actions in [JSON Lines].
+ 
An example sequence of actions looks as follows:
+
+ 
``` ./groceries.jsonl
+ 
{ "+": "jelly" }
+ 
{ "+": "peanut butter" }
+ 
{ "-": "jelly" }
+ 
{ "-": "jelly" }
+ 
{ "+": "salad" }
+ 
{ "+": "salad" }
+ 
```
+
+ 
Starting with an empty grocery list, the expected result after evaluating all actions is:
+
+ 
 - 0 Jelly (this could be omitted)
+ 
 - 1 Peanut Butter
+ 
 - 2 Salad
+
+ 
We have a COB helper, named `rad-cob-multiset`, that implements evaluation of these actions using [jq].
+ 
It reads the current state of the grocery list and operations containing actions from files given as arguments and writes the resulting grocery list to standard output.
+
+ 
We do not invoke the program directly, but instead use `rad cob create`:
+
+ 
```
+ 
$ rad cob create --repo rad:z42hL2jL4XNk6K8oHQaSWfMgCL7ji --type com.example.multiset --message "Create grocery shopping multiset" groceries.jsonl
+ 
9bba8e6f83ef56b11151ef6ad02cc4595f982aab
+ 
```
+
+ 
We can verify that the COB evaluated as expected:
+
+ 
```
+ 
$ rad cob show --repo rad:z42hL2jL4XNk6K8oHQaSWfMgCL7ji --type com.example.multiset --object 9bba8e6f83ef56b11151ef6ad02cc4595f982aab
+ 
{"jelly":0,"peanut butter":1,"salad":2}
+ 
```
+
+ 
To apply actions to COBs that already exist, we can use `rad cob update`:
+
+ 
```
+ 
$ rad cob update --repo rad:z42hL2jL4XNk6K8oHQaSWfMgCL7ji --type com.example.multiset --object 9bba8e6f83ef56b11151ef6ad02cc4595f982aab --message "Modify grocery shopping multiset" groceries.jsonl
+ 
d36aac77be13c1ca80edbfe7b7bf9b42c723f019
+ 
```
+
+ 
Again, we verify the result with `rad cob show`:
+
+ 
```
+ 
$ rad cob show --repo rad:z42hL2jL4XNk6K8oHQaSWfMgCL7ji --type com.example.multiset --object 9bba8e6f83ef56b11151ef6ad02cc4595f982aab
+ 
{"jelly":0,"peanut butter":2,"salad":4}
+ 
```
+
+ 
[multisets]: https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiset
+ 
[JSON]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/std90
+ 
[JSON Lines]: https://jsonlines.org/
+ 
[jq]: https://github.com/jqlang/jq
 

\ No newline at end of file
added radicle-cli/examples/rad-cob-update-identity.md
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+ 
Updating the repository identity via `rad cob update` is forbidden:
+
+ 
``` (fail)
+ 
$ rad cob update --repo rad:z42hL2jL4XNk6K8oHQaSWfMgCL7ji --type xyz.radicle.id --object 0656c217f917c3e06234771e9ecae53aba5e173e --message "Danger" /dev/null
+ 
✗ Error: Update of collaborative objects of type xyz.radicle.id is not supported.
+ 
```
 

\ No newline at end of file
added radicle-cli/examples/rad-cob-update.md
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+ 
First off, we set up a patch.
+
+ 
```
+ 
$ git checkout -b changes
+ 
$ touch README.md
+ 
$ git add README.md
+ 
$ git commit --message "Add README, just for the fun"
+ 
[changes 03c02af] Add README, just for the fun
+ 
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
+ 
 create mode 100644 README.md
+ 
```
+
+ 
``` (stderr)
+ 
$ git push rad -o patch.message="Add README, just for the fun" HEAD:refs/patches
+ 
✓ Patch 89f7afb1511b976482b21f6b2f39aef7f4fb88a2 opened
+ 
To rad://z42hL2jL4XNk6K8oHQaSWfMgCL7ji/z6MknSLrJoTcukLrE435hVNQT4JUhbvWLX4kUzqkEStBU8Vi
+ 
 * [new reference]   HEAD -> refs/patches
+ 
```
+
+ 
```
+ 
$ touch LICENSE
+ 
$ git add LICENSE
+ 
$ git commit -v -m "Define the LICENSE"
+ 
[changes 8945f61] Define the LICENSE
+ 
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
+ 
 create mode 100644 LICENSE
+ 
```
+
+ 
``` (stderr)
+ 
$ git push -f -o patch.message="Add License"
+ 
✓ Patch 89f7afb updated to revision 5d78dd5376453e25df5988ec86951c99cb73742c
+ 
To compare against your previous revision 89f7afb, run:
+
+ 
   git range-diff f2de534b5e81d7c6e2dcaf58c3dd91573c0a0354 03c02af4b12a593d17a06d38fae50a57fc3c339a 8945f6189adf027892c85ac57f7e9341049c2537
+
+ 
To rad://z42hL2jL4XNk6K8oHQaSWfMgCL7ji/z6MknSLrJoTcukLrE435hVNQT4JUhbvWLX4kUzqkEStBU8Vi
+ 
   03c02af..8945f61  changes -> patches/89f7afb1511b976482b21f6b2f39aef7f4fb88a2
+ 
```
+
+ 
Let's look at the patch, to see what it looks like before editing it:
+
+ 
```
+ 
$ rad patch show 89f7afb
+ 
╭─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
+ 
│ Title     Add README, just for the fun                              │
+ 
│ Patch     89f7afb1511b976482b21f6b2f39aef7f4fb88a2                  │
+ 
│ Author    alice (you)                                               │
+ 
│ Head      8945f6189adf027892c85ac57f7e9341049c2537                  │
+ 
│ Branches  changes                                                   │
+ 
│ Commits   ahead 2, behind 0                                         │
+ 
│ Status    open                                                      │
+ 
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
+ 
│ 8945f61 Define the LICENSE                                          │
+ 
│ 03c02af Add README, just for the fun                                │
+ 
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
+ 
│ ● opened by alice (you) (03c02af) now                               │
+ 
│ ↑ updated to 5d78dd5376453e25df5988ec86951c99cb73742c (8945f61) now │
+ 
╰─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
+ 
```
+
+ 
We can change the title and description of the patch itself by using a
+ 
multi-line message (using two `--message` options here):
+
+ 
```
+ 
$ rad patch edit 89f7afb --message "Add Metadata" --message "Add README & LICENSE" --no-announce
+ 
$ rad patch show 89f7afb
+ 
╭─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
+ 
│ Title     Add Metadata                                              │
+ 
│ Patch     89f7afb1511b976482b21f6b2f39aef7f4fb88a2                  │
+ 
│ Author    alice (you)                                               │
+ 
│ Head      8945f6189adf027892c85ac57f7e9341049c2537                  │
+ 
│ Branches  changes                                                   │
+ 
│ Commits   ahead 2, behind 0                                         │
+ 
│ Status    open                                                      │
+ 
│                                                                     │
+ 
│ Add README & LICENSE                                                │
+ 
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
+ 
│ 8945f61 Define the LICENSE                                          │
+ 
│ 03c02af Add README, just for the fun                                │
+ 
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
+ 
│ ● opened by alice (you) (03c02af) now                               │
+ 
│ ↑ updated to 5d78dd5376453e25df5988ec86951c99cb73742c (8945f61) now │
+ 
╰─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
+ 
```
+
+ 
We prepare the file `revision-edit.json` which contains one action (thus one line) to be applied.
+
+ 
``` ./revision-edit.jsonl
+ 
{"type": "revision.edit", "description": "Add README and LICENSE", "revision": "89f7afb1511b976482b21f6b2f39aef7f4fb88a2"}
+ 
```
+
+ 
We now use `rad cob update` to edit the patch another time, rewriting the description.
+ 
The action itself is of type `revision.edit` and carries the parameters `revision`,
+ 
specifying the revision for which the description should be changed, and `description`,
+ 
specifying the new description.
+
+ 
```
+ 
$ rad cob update --repo rad:z42hL2jL4XNk6K8oHQaSWfMgCL7ji --type xyz.radicle.patch --object 89f7afb1511b976482b21f6b2f39aef7f4fb88a2 --message "Edit patch" revision-edit.jsonl
+ 
79b816e92735c49b33d93a31890fdf040b36234c
+ 
$ rad patch show --verbose 89f7afb
+ 
╭─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
+ 
│ Title     Add Metadata                                              │
+ 
│ Patch     89f7afb1511b976482b21f6b2f39aef7f4fb88a2                  │
+ 
│ Author    alice (you)                                               │
+ 
│ Head      8945f6189adf027892c85ac57f7e9341049c2537                  │
+ 
│ Base      f2de534b5e81d7c6e2dcaf58c3dd91573c0a0354                  │
+ 
│ Branches  changes                                                   │
+ 
│ Commits   ahead 2, behind 0                                         │
+ 
│ Status    open                                                      │
+ 
│                                                                     │
+ 
│ Add README and LICENSE                                              │
+ 
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
+ 
│ 8945f61 Define the LICENSE                                          │
+ 
│ 03c02af Add README, just for the fun                                │
+ 
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
+ 
│ ● opened by alice (you) (03c02af) now                               │
+ 
│ ↑ updated to 5d78dd5376453e25df5988ec86951c99cb73742c (8945f61) now │
+ 
╰─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
+ 
```
+
+ 
Notice that the patch now has the description `Add README and LICENSE`.
+
+ 
We may use `rad cob update` to create a new revision altogether, as well.
+ 
Let's create yet another commit, an empty one this time, and do that.
+
+ 
```
+ 
$ git commit --allow-empty --message="Dummy commit for a new revision"
+ 
[changes f1339dd] Dummy commit for a new revision
+ 
```
+
+ 
We prepare the file `revision-create.jsonl` which contains one action.
+
+ 
``` ./revision.jsonl
+ 
{"type": "revision", "description": "A new revision", "base": "f2de534b5e81d7c6e2dcaf58c3dd91573c0a0354", "oid": "f1339dd109e538c6b3a7fed3e72403e1b4db08c9"}
+ 
```
+
+ 
Attempting to create the new revision right away would fail:
+
+ 
``` (fail)
+ 
$ rad cob update --repo rad:z42hL2jL4XNk6K8oHQaSWfMgCL7ji --type xyz.radicle.patch --object 89f7afb1511b976482b21f6b2f39aef7f4fb88a2 --message "Create new revision" revision.jsonl
+ 
✗ Error: store: update error: failed to read 'f1339dd109e538c6b3a7fed3e72403e1b4db08c9' from git odb
+ 
```
+
+ 
Since we are not using the remote helper `git-remote-rad` here, we need to push
+ 
the new commit to storage manually. See `fn patch_open` in `/radicle-remote-helper/src/push.rs`
+ 
for more details.
+
+ 
```
+ 
$ git push rad HEAD:tmp/heads/f1339dd109e538c6b3a7fed3e72403e1b4db08c9
+ 
$ git push rad :tmp/heads/f1339dd109e538c6b3a7fed3e72403e1b4db08c9
+ 
```
+
+ 
Now we can invoke `rad cob update`:
+
+ 
```
+ 
$ rad cob update --repo rad:z42hL2jL4XNk6K8oHQaSWfMgCL7ji --type xyz.radicle.patch --object 89f7afb1511b976482b21f6b2f39aef7f4fb88a2 --message "Create new revision" revision.jsonl
+ 
2da9c025a1d14d93c4f2cec60a7878afbc5e2a3c
+ 
$ rad patch show 89f7afb
+ 
╭─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
+ 
│ Title     Add Metadata                                              │
+ 
│ Patch     89f7afb1511b976482b21f6b2f39aef7f4fb88a2                  │
+ 
│ Author    alice (you)                                               │
+ 
│ Head      f1339dd109e538c6b3a7fed3e72403e1b4db08c9                  │
+ 
│ Branches  changes                                                   │
+ 
│ Commits   ahead 3, behind 0                                         │
+ 
│ Status    open                                                      │
+ 
│                                                                     │
+ 
│ Add README and LICENSE                                              │
+ 
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
+ 
│ f1339dd Dummy commit for a new revision                             │
+ 
│ 8945f61 Define the LICENSE                                          │
+ 
│ 03c02af Add README, just for the fun                                │
+ 
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
+ 
│ ● opened by alice (you) (03c02af) now                               │
+ 
│ ↑ updated to 5d78dd5376453e25df5988ec86951c99cb73742c (8945f61) now │
+ 
│ ↑ updated to 2da9c025a1d14d93c4f2cec60a7878afbc5e2a3c (f1339dd) now │
+ 
╰─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
+ 
```
 

\ No newline at end of file
modified radicle-cli/src/commands/cob.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,19 @@
use std::ffi::OsString;
- 
use std::io;
- 
use std::io::Write;
+ 
use std::path::PathBuf;

use std::str::FromStr;
+ 
use std::{fs, io};
+
+ 
use anyhow::{anyhow, bail};
- 
use anyhow::anyhow;

use chrono::prelude::*;
+ 


use nonempty::NonEmpty;
+ 


use radicle::cob;
- 
use radicle::cob::Op;
- 
use radicle::identity::Identity;
- 
use radicle::issue::cache::Issues;
- 
use radicle::patch::cache::Patches;
- 
use radicle::prelude::RepoId;
+ 
use radicle::cob::store::CobAction;
+ 
use radicle::prelude::*;

use radicle::storage::git;
- 
use radicle::storage::ReadStorage;
- 
use radicle::Profile;
- 
use radicle_cob::object::collaboration::list;
+ 


use serde_json::json;



use crate::git::Rev;
@@ -30,33 +28,47 @@ pub const HELP: Help = Help {
Usage



    rad cob <command> [<option>...]
- 
    rad cob list --repo <rid> --type <typename>
- 
    rad cob log --repo <rid> --type <typename> --object <oid> [<option>...]
- 
    rad cob show --repo <rid> --type <typename> --object <oid> [<option>...]
+
+ 
    rad cob create  --repo <rid> --type <typename> <filename> [<option>...]
+ 
    rad cob list    --repo <rid> --type <typename>
+ 
    rad cob log     --repo <rid> --type <typename> --object <oid> [<option>...]

    rad cob migrate [<option>...]
+ 
    rad cob show    --repo <rid> --type <typename> --object <oid> [<option>...]
+ 
    rad cob update  --repo <rid> --type <typename> --object <oid> <filename>
+ 
                    [<option>...]



Commands
- 
    list                       List all COBs of a given type (--object is not needed)
- 
    log                        Print a log of all raw operations on a COB
- 
    migrate                    Migrate the COB database to the latest version
+ 
    create                      Create a new COB of a given type given initial actions
+ 
    list                        List all COBs of a given type (--object is not needed)
+ 
    log                         Print a log of all raw operations on a COB
+ 
    migrate                     Migrate the COB database to the latest version
+ 
    update                      Add actions to a COB
+ 
    show                        Print the state of COBs
+
+ 
Create, Update options
+
+ 
    --embed-file <name> <path>  Supply embed of given name via file at given path
+ 
    --embed-hash <name> <oid>   Supply embed of given name via object ID of blob



Log options
- 
    --format (pretty | json)   Desired output format (default: pretty)
+ 
    --format (pretty | json)    Desired output format (default: pretty)



Show options
- 
    --format json              Desired output format (default: json)
+ 
    --format json               Desired output format (default: json)



Other options
- 
    --help                     Print help
+ 
    --help                      Print help

"#,

};
- 
#[derive(PartialEq)]
+ 
#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]

enum OperationName {
+ 
    Update,
+ 
    Create,

    List,

    Log,

    Migrate,
@@ -64,20 +76,36 @@ enum OperationName {
}



enum Operation {
+ 
    Create {
+ 
        rid: RepoId,
+ 
        type_name: FilteredTypeName,
+ 
        message: String,
+ 
        actions: PathBuf,
+ 
        embeds: Vec<Embed>,
+ 
    },

    List {
- 
        repo: RepoId,
- 
        type_name: cob::TypeName,
+ 
        rid: RepoId,
+ 
        type_name: FilteredTypeName,

    },

    Log {
- 
        repo: RepoId,
- 
        rev: Rev,
- 
        type_name: cob::TypeName,
+ 
        rid: RepoId,
+ 
        type_name: FilteredTypeName,
+ 
        oid: Rev,
+ 
        format: Format,

    },

    Migrate,

    Show {
- 
        repo: RepoId,
- 
        revs: Vec<Rev>,
- 
        type_name: cob::TypeName,
+ 
        rid: RepoId,
+ 
        type_name: FilteredTypeName,
+ 
        oids: Vec<Rev>,
+ 
    },
+ 
    Update {
+ 
        rid: RepoId,
+ 
        type_name: FilteredTypeName,
+ 
        oid: Rev,
+ 
        message: String,
+ 
        actions: PathBuf,
+ 
        embeds: Vec<Embed>,

    },

}
@@ -88,132 +116,290 @@ enum Format {


pub struct Options {

    op: Operation,
- 
    format: Format,
+ 
}
+
+ 
/// A precursor to [`cob::Embed`] used for parsing
+ 
/// that can be initialized without relying on a [`git::Repository`].
+ 
struct Embed {
+ 
    name: String,
+ 
    content: EmbedContent,
+ 
}
+
+ 
enum EmbedContent {
+ 
    Path(PathBuf),
+ 
    Hash(Rev),
+ 
}
+
+ 
/// A thin wrapper around [`cob::TypeName`] used for parsing.
+ 
/// Well known COB type names are captured as variants,
+ 
/// with [`FilteredTypeName::Other`] as an escape hatch for type names
+ 
/// that are not well known.
+ 
enum FilteredTypeName {
+ 
    Issue,
+ 
    Patch,
+ 
    Identity,
+ 
    Other(cob::TypeName),
+ 
}
+
+ 
impl From<cob::TypeName> for FilteredTypeName {
+ 
    fn from(value: cob::TypeName) -> Self {
+ 
        if value == *cob::issue::TYPENAME {
+ 
            FilteredTypeName::Issue
+ 
        } else if value == *cob::patch::TYPENAME {
+ 
            FilteredTypeName::Patch
+ 
        } else if value == *cob::identity::TYPENAME {
+ 
            FilteredTypeName::Identity
+ 
        } else {
+ 
            FilteredTypeName::Other(value)
+ 
        }
+ 
    }
+ 
}
+
+ 
impl AsRef<cob::TypeName> for FilteredTypeName {
+ 
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &cob::TypeName {
+ 
        match self {
+ 
            FilteredTypeName::Issue => &cob::issue::TYPENAME,
+ 
            FilteredTypeName::Patch => &cob::patch::TYPENAME,
+ 
            FilteredTypeName::Identity => &cob::identity::TYPENAME,
+ 
            FilteredTypeName::Other(value) => value,
+ 
        }
+ 
    }
+ 
}
+
+ 
impl std::fmt::Display for FilteredTypeName {
+ 
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+ 
        self.as_ref().fmt(f)
+ 
    }
+ 
}
+
+ 
impl Embed {
+ 
    fn try_into_bytes(self, repo: &git::Repository) -> anyhow::Result<cob::Embed<cob::Uri>> {
+ 
        Ok(match self.content {
+ 
            EmbedContent::Hash(hash) => cob::Embed {
+ 
                name: self.name,
+ 
                content: hash.resolve::<git::Oid>(&repo.backend)?.into(),
+ 
            },
+ 
            EmbedContent::Path(path) => {
+ 
                cob::Embed::store(self.name, &std::fs::read(path)?, &repo.backend)?
+ 
            }
+ 
        })
+ 
    }

}



impl Args for Options {

    fn from_args(args: Vec<OsString>) -> anyhow::Result<(Self, Vec<OsString>)> {

        use lexopt::prelude::*;
+ 
        use term::args::string;
+ 
        use OperationName::*;



        let mut parser = lexopt::Parser::from_args(args);
- 
        let mut op: Option<OperationName> = None;
- 
        let mut type_name: Option<cob::TypeName> = None;
- 
        let mut revs: Vec<Rev> = vec![];
+
+ 
        let op = match parser.next()? {
+ 
            None | Some(Long("help") | Short('h')) => {
+ 
                return Err(Error::Help.into());
+ 
            }
+ 
            Some(Value(val)) => match val.to_string_lossy().as_ref() {
+ 
                "update" => Update,
+ 
                "create" => Create,
+ 
                "list" => List,
+ 
                "log" => Log,
+ 
                "migrate" => Migrate,
+ 
                "show" => Show,
+ 
                unknown => bail!("unknown operation '{unknown}'"),
+ 
            },
+ 
            Some(arg) => return Err(anyhow!(arg.unexpected())),
+ 
        };
+
+ 
        let mut type_name: Option<FilteredTypeName> = None;
+ 
        let mut oids: Vec<Rev> = vec![];

        let mut rid: Option<RepoId> = None;
- 
        let mut format: Option<Format> = None;
+ 
        let mut format: Format = Format::Pretty;
+ 
        let mut message: Option<String> = None;
+ 
        let mut embeds: Vec<Embed> = vec![];
+ 
        let mut actions: Option<PathBuf> = None;



        while let Some(arg) = parser.next()? {
- 
            match arg {
- 
                Value(val) if op.is_none() => match val.to_string_lossy().as_ref() {
- 
                    "list" => op = Some(OperationName::List),
- 
                    "log" => op = Some(OperationName::Log),
- 
                    "migrate" => op = Some(OperationName::Migrate),
- 
                    "show" => op = Some(OperationName::Show),
- 
                    unknown => anyhow::bail!("unknown operation '{unknown}'"),
- 
                },
- 
                Long("type") | Short('t') => {
- 
                    let v = parser.value()?;
- 
                    let v = term::args::string(&v);
- 
                    let v = cob::TypeName::from_str(&v)?;
-
- 
                    type_name = Some(v);
+ 
            match (&op, &arg) {
+ 
                (_, Long("help") | Short('h')) => {
+ 
                    return Err(Error::Help.into());

                }
- 
                Long("object") => {
- 
                    let v = parser.value()?;
- 
                    let v = term::args::string(&v);
-
- 
                    revs.push(Rev::from(v));
+ 
                (_, Long("repo") | Short('r')) => {
+ 
                    rid = Some(term::args::rid(&parser.value()?)?);
+ 
                }
+ 
                (_, Long("type") | Short('t')) => {
+ 
                    let v = string(&parser.value()?);
+ 
                    type_name = Some(FilteredTypeName::from(cob::TypeName::from_str(&v)?));
+ 
                }
+ 
                (Update | Log | Show, Long("object") | Short('o')) => {
+ 
                    let v = string(&parser.value()?);
+ 
                    oids.push(Rev::from(v));
+ 
                }
+ 
                (Update | Create, Long("message") | Short('m')) => {
+ 
                    message = Some(string(&parser.value()?));

                }
- 
                Long("repo") => {
- 
                    let v = parser.value()?;
- 
                    let v = term::args::rid(&v)?;
+ 
                (Log | Show | Update, Long("format")) => {
+ 
                    format = match (op, string(&parser.value()?).as_ref()) {
+ 
                        (Log, "pretty") => Format::Pretty,
+ 
                        (Log | Show | Update, "json") => Format::Json,
+ 
                        (_, unknown) => bail!("unknown format '{unknown}'"),
+ 
                    };
+ 
                }
+ 
                (Update | Create, Long("embed-file")) => {
+ 
                    let mut values = parser.values()?;
+
+ 
                    let name = values
+ 
                        .next()
+ 
                        .map(|s| term::args::string(&s))
+ 
                        .ok_or(anyhow!("expected name of embed"))?;
- 
                    rid = Some(v);
+ 
                    let content = EmbedContent::Path(PathBuf::from(
+ 
                        values
+ 
                            .next()
+ 
                            .ok_or(anyhow!("expected path to file to embed"))?,
+ 
                    ));
+
+ 
                    embeds.push(Embed { name, content });

                }
- 
                Long("help") | Short('h') => {
- 
                    return Err(Error::Help.into());
+ 
                (Update | Create, Long("embed-hash")) => {
+ 
                    let mut values = parser.values()?;
+
+ 
                    let name = values
+ 
                        .next()
+ 
                        .map(|s| term::args::string(&s))
+ 
                        .ok_or(anyhow!("expected name of embed"))?;
+
+ 
                    let content = EmbedContent::Hash(Rev::from(term::args::string(
+ 
                        &values
+ 
                            .next()
+ 
                            .ok_or(anyhow!("expected hash of file to embed"))?,
+ 
                    )));
+
+ 
                    embeds.push(Embed { name, content });

                }
- 
                Long("format")
- 
                    if op == Some(OperationName::Log) || op == Some(OperationName::Show) =>
- 
                {
- 
                    let v: String = term::args::string(&parser.value()?);
- 
                    match v.as_ref() {
- 
                        "pretty" if op == Some(OperationName::Log) => format = Some(Format::Pretty),
- 
                        "json" => format = Some(Format::Json),
- 
                        unknown => anyhow::bail!("unknown format '{unknown}'"),
- 
                    }
+ 
                (Update | Create, Value(val)) => {
+ 
                    actions = Some(PathBuf::from(term::args::string(val)));

                }
- 
                _ => return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(arg.unexpected())),
+ 
                _ => return Err(anyhow!(arg.unexpected())),

            }

        }
- 
        let repo = rid.ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("a repository id must be specified with `--repo`"));
+
+ 
        if op == OperationName::Migrate {
+ 
            return Ok((
+ 
                Options {
+ 
                    op: Operation::Migrate,
+ 
                },
+ 
                vec![],
+ 
            ));
+ 
        }
+
+ 
        let rid = rid.ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("a repository id must be specified with `--repo`"))?;

        let type_name =
- 
            type_name.ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("an object type must be specified with `--type`"));
+ 
            type_name.ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("an object type must be specified with `--type`"))?;
+
+ 
        let missing_oid = || anyhow!("an object id must be specified with `--object`");
+ 
        let missing_message = || anyhow!("a message must be specified with `--message`");



        Ok((

            Options {
- 
                op: {
- 
                    match op.ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("a command must be specified"))? {
- 
                        OperationName::List => Operation::List {
- 
                            repo: repo?,
- 
                            type_name: type_name?,
- 
                        },
- 
                        OperationName::Log => Operation::Log {
- 
                            repo: repo?,
- 
                            rev: revs.pop().ok_or_else(|| {
- 
                                anyhow!("an object id must be specified with `--object`")
- 
                            })?,
- 
                            type_name: type_name?,
- 
                        },
- 
                        OperationName::Migrate => Operation::Migrate,
- 
                        OperationName::Show => {
- 
                            if revs.is_empty() {
- 
                                anyhow::bail!("an object id must be specified with `--object`")
- 
                            }
- 
                            Operation::Show {
- 
                                repo: repo?,
- 
                                revs,
- 
                                type_name: type_name?,
- 
                            }
+ 
                op: match op {
+ 
                    Create => Operation::Create {
+ 
                        rid,
+ 
                        type_name,
+ 
                        message: message.ok_or_else(missing_message)?,
+ 
                        actions: actions.ok_or_else(|| {
+ 
                            anyhow!("a file containing initial actions must be specified")
+ 
                        })?,
+ 
                        embeds,
+ 
                    },
+ 
                    List => Operation::List { rid, type_name },
+ 
                    Log => Operation::Log {
+ 
                        rid,
+ 
                        type_name,
+ 
                        oid: oids.pop().ok_or_else(missing_oid)?,
+ 
                        format,
+ 
                    },
+ 
                    Migrate => Operation::Migrate,
+ 
                    Show => {
+ 
                        if oids.is_empty() {
+ 
                            return Err(missing_oid());
+ 
                        }
+ 
                        Operation::Show {
+ 
                            rid,
+ 
                            oids,
+ 
                            type_name,

                        }

                    }
+ 
                    Update => Operation::Update {
+ 
                        rid,
+ 
                        type_name,
+ 
                        oid: oids.pop().ok_or_else(missing_oid)?,
+ 
                        message: message.ok_or_else(missing_message)?,
+ 
                        actions: actions.ok_or_else(|| {
+ 
                            anyhow!("a file containing actions must be specified")
+ 
                        })?,
+ 
                        embeds,
+ 
                    },

                },
- 
                format: format.unwrap_or(Format::Pretty),

            },

            vec![],

        ))

    }

}
- 
pub fn run(options: Options, ctx: impl term::Context) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+ 
pub fn run(Options { op }: Options, ctx: impl term::Context) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+ 
    use cob::store::Store;
+ 
    use FilteredTypeName::*;
+ 
    use Operation::*;
+ 


    let profile = ctx.profile()?;

    let storage = &profile.storage;
- 
    match options.op {
- 
        Operation::List { repo, type_name } => {
- 
            let repo = storage.repository(repo)?;
- 
            let cobs = list::<NonEmpty<cob::Entry>, _>(&repo, &type_name)?;
- 
            for cob in cobs {
- 
                println!("{}", cob.id);
- 
            }
- 
        }
- 
        Operation::Log {
- 
            repo,
- 
            rev: oid,
+ 
    match op {
+ 
        Create {
+ 
            rid,

            type_name,
+ 
            message,
+ 
            embeds,
+ 
            actions,

        } => {
- 
            let repo = storage.repository(repo)?;
- 
            let oid = oid.resolve(&repo.backend)?;
- 
            let ops = cob::store::ops(&oid, &type_name, &repo)?;
-
- 
            for op in ops.into_iter().rev() {
- 
                match options.format {
- 
                    Format::Json => print_op_json(op)?,
- 
                    Format::Pretty => print_op_pretty(op)?,
+ 
            let signer = &profile.signer()?;
+ 
            let repo = storage.repository_mut(rid)?;
+
+ 
            let reader = io::BufReader::new(fs::File::open(actions)?);
+
+ 
            let embeds = embeds
+ 
                .into_iter()
+ 
                .map(|embed| embed.try_into_bytes(&repo))
+ 
                .collect::<anyhow::Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+
+ 
            let oid = match type_name {
+ 
                Patch => {
+ 
                    let store: Store<cob::patch::Patch, _> = Store::open(&repo)?;
+ 
                    let actions = read_jsonl_actions(reader)?;
+ 
                    let (oid, _) = store.create(&message, actions, embeds, signer)?;
+ 
                    oid

                }
- 
            }
+ 
                Issue => {
+ 
                    let store: Store<cob::issue::Issue, _> = Store::open(&repo)?;
+ 
                    let actions = read_jsonl_actions(reader)?;
+ 
                    let (oid, _) = store.create(&message, actions, embeds, signer)?;
+ 
                    oid
+ 
                }
+ 
                Identity => anyhow::bail!(
+ 
                    "Creation of collaborative objects of type {} is not supported.",
+ 
                    &type_name
+ 
                ),
+ 
                Other(type_name) => {
+ 
                    let store: Store<cob::external::External, _> =
+ 
                        Store::open_for(&type_name, &repo)?;
+ 
                    let actions = read_jsonl_actions(reader)?;
+ 
                    let (oid, _) = store.create(&message, actions, embeds, signer)?;
+ 
                    oid
+ 
                }
+ 
            };
+ 
            println!("{}", oid);

        }
- 
        Operation::Migrate => {
+ 
        Migrate => {

            let mut db = profile.cobs_db_mut()?;

            if db.check_version().is_ok() {

                term::success!("Collaborative objects database is already up to date");
@@ -224,71 +410,175 @@ pub fn run(options: Options, ctx: impl term::Context) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
                );

            }

        }
- 
        Operation::Show {
- 
            repo,
- 
            revs,
+ 
        List { rid, type_name } => {
+ 
            let repo = storage.repository(rid)?;
+ 
            let cobs = radicle_cob::list::<NonEmpty<cob::Entry>, _>(&repo, type_name.as_ref())?;
+ 
            for cob in cobs {
+ 
                println!("{}", cob.id);
+ 
            }
+ 
        }
+ 
        Log {
+ 
            rid,

            type_name,
+ 
            oid,
+ 
            format,

        } => {
- 
            let repo = storage.repository(repo)?;
+ 
            let repo = storage.repository(rid)?;
+ 
            let oid = oid.resolve(&repo.backend)?;
+ 
            let ops = cob::store::ops(&oid, type_name.as_ref(), &repo)?;
- 
            if let Err(e) = show(revs, &repo, type_name, &profile) {
- 
                if let Some(err) = e.downcast_ref::<io::Error>() {
- 
                    if err.kind() == io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe {
+ 
            for op in ops.into_iter().rev() {
+ 
                match format {
+ 
                    Format::Json => print_op_json(op)?,
+ 
                    Format::Pretty => print_op_pretty(op)?,
+ 
                }
+ 
            }
+ 
        }
+ 
        Show {
+ 
            rid,
+ 
            oids,
+ 
            type_name,
+ 
        } => {
+ 
            let repo = storage.repository(rid)?;
+ 
            if let Err(e) = show(oids, &repo, type_name, &profile) {
+ 
                if let Some(err) = e.downcast_ref::<std::io::Error>() {
+ 
                    if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe {

                        return Ok(());

                    }

                }

                return Err(e);

            }

        }
- 
    }
+ 
        Update {
+ 
            rid,
+ 
            type_name,
+ 
            oid,
+ 
            message,
+ 
            actions,
+ 
            embeds,
+ 
        } => {
+ 
            let signer = &profile.signer()?;
+ 
            let repo = storage.repository_mut(rid)?;
+ 
            let reader = io::BufReader::new(fs::File::open(actions)?);
+ 
            let oid = &oid.resolve(&repo.backend)?;
+ 
            let embeds = embeds
+ 
                .into_iter()
+ 
                .map(|embed| embed.try_into_bytes(&repo))
+ 
                .collect::<anyhow::Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+
+ 
            let oid = match type_name {
+ 
                Patch => {
+ 
                    let actions: Vec<cob::patch::Action> = read_jsonl(reader)?;
+ 
                    let mut patches = profile.patches_mut(&repo)?;
+ 
                    let mut patch = patches.get_mut(oid)?;
+ 
                    patch.transaction(&message, &profile.signer()?, |tx| {
+ 
                        tx.extend(actions)?;
+ 
                        tx.embed(embeds)?;
+ 
                        Ok(())
+ 
                    })?
+ 
                }
+ 
                Issue => {
+ 
                    let actions: Vec<cob::issue::Action> = read_jsonl(reader)?;
+ 
                    let mut issues = profile.issues_mut(&repo)?;
+ 
                    let mut issue = issues.get_mut(oid)?;
+ 
                    issue.transaction(&message, &profile.signer()?, |tx| {
+ 
                        tx.extend(actions)?;
+ 
                        tx.embed(embeds)?;
+ 
                        Ok(())
+ 
                    })?
+ 
                }
+ 
                Identity => anyhow::bail!(
+ 
                    "Update of collaborative objects of type {} is not supported.",
+ 
                    &type_name
+ 
                ),
+ 
                Other(type_name) => {
+ 
                    use cob::external::{Action, External};
+ 
                    let actions: Vec<Action> = read_jsonl(reader)?;
+ 
                    let mut store: Store<External, _> = Store::open_for(&type_name, &repo)?;
+ 
                    let tx = cob::store::Transaction::new(type_name.clone(), actions, embeds);
+ 
                    let (_, oid) = tx.commit(&message, *oid, &mut store, signer)?;
+ 
                    oid
+ 
                }
+ 
            };
+ 
            println!("{}", oid);
+ 
        }
+ 
    }

    Ok(())

}



fn show(
- 
    revs: Vec<Rev>,
+ 
    oids: Vec<Rev>,

    repo: &git::Repository,
- 
    type_name: cob::TypeName,
+ 
    type_name: FilteredTypeName,

    profile: &Profile,

) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
+ 
    use io::Write as _;

    let mut stdout = std::io::stdout();
- 
    if type_name == cob::patch::TYPENAME.clone() {
- 
        let patches = term::cob::patches(profile, repo)?;
- 
        for oid in revs {
- 
            let oid = &oid.resolve(&repo.backend)?;
- 
            let Some(patch) = patches.get(oid)? else {
- 
                anyhow::bail!(cob::store::Error::NotFound(type_name, *oid));
- 
            };
- 
            serde_json::to_writer(&stdout, &patch)?;
- 
            stdout.write_all(b"\n")?;
+ 
    match type_name {
+ 
        FilteredTypeName::Identity => {
+ 
            use cob::identity;
+ 
            for oid in oids {
+ 
                let oid = &oid.resolve(&repo.backend)?;
+ 
                let Some(cob) = cob::get::<identity::Identity, _>(repo, type_name.as_ref(), oid)?
+ 
                else {
+ 
                    bail!(cob::store::Error::NotFound(
+ 
                        type_name.as_ref().clone(),
+ 
                        *oid
+ 
                    ));
+ 
                };
+ 
                serde_json::to_writer(&stdout, &cob.object)?;
+ 
                stdout.write_all(b"\n")?;
+ 
            }

        }
- 
    } else if type_name == cob::issue::TYPENAME.clone() {
- 
        let issues = term::cob::issues(profile, repo)?;
- 
        for oid in revs {
- 
            let oid = &oid.resolve(&repo.backend)?;
- 
            let Some(issue) = issues.get(oid)? else {
- 
                anyhow::bail!(cob::store::Error::NotFound(type_name, *oid))
- 
            };
- 
            serde_json::to_writer(&stdout, &issue)?;
- 
            stdout.write_all(b"\n")?;
+ 
        FilteredTypeName::Issue => {
+ 
            use radicle::issue::cache::Issues as _;
+ 
            let issues = term::cob::issues(profile, repo)?;
+ 
            for oid in oids {
+ 
                let oid = &oid.resolve(&repo.backend)?;
+ 
                let Some(issue) = issues.get(oid)? else {
+ 
                    bail!(cob::store::Error::NotFound(
+ 
                        type_name.as_ref().clone(),
+ 
                        *oid
+ 
                    ))
+ 
                };
+ 
                serde_json::to_writer(&stdout, &issue)?;
+ 
                stdout.write_all(b"\n")?;
+ 
            }

        }
- 
    } else if type_name == cob::identity::TYPENAME.clone() {
- 
        for oid in revs {
- 
            let oid = &oid.resolve(&repo.backend)?;
- 
            let Some(cob) = cob::get::<Identity, _>(repo, &type_name, oid)? else {
- 
                anyhow::bail!(cob::store::Error::NotFound(type_name, *oid));
- 
            };
- 
            serde_json::to_writer(&stdout, &cob.object)?;
- 
            stdout.write_all(b"\n")?;
+ 
        FilteredTypeName::Patch => {
+ 
            use radicle::patch::cache::Patches as _;
+ 
            let patches = term::cob::patches(profile, repo)?;
+ 
            for oid in oids {
+ 
                let oid = &oid.resolve(&repo.backend)?;
+ 
                let Some(patch) = patches.get(oid)? else {
+ 
                    bail!(cob::store::Error::NotFound(
+ 
                        type_name.as_ref().clone(),
+ 
                        *oid
+ 
                    ));
+ 
                };
+ 
                serde_json::to_writer(&stdout, &patch)?;
+ 
                stdout.write_all(b"\n")?;
+ 
            }
+ 
        }
+ 
        FilteredTypeName::Other(type_name) => {
+ 
            let store =
+ 
                cob::store::Store::<cob::external::External, _>::open_for(&type_name, repo)?;
+ 
            for oid in oids {
+ 
                let oid = &oid.resolve(&repo.backend)?;
+ 
                let cob = store
+ 
                    .get(oid)?
+ 
                    .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!(cob::store::Error::NotFound(type_name.clone(), *oid)))?;
+ 
                serde_json::to_writer(&stdout, &cob)?;
+ 
                stdout.write_all(b"\n")?;
+ 
            }

        }
- 
    } else {
- 
        anyhow::bail!("the type name '{type_name}' is unknown");

    }

    Ok(())

}
- 
fn print_op_pretty(op: Op<Vec<u8>>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+ 
fn print_op_pretty(op: cob::Op<Vec<u8>>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {

    let time = DateTime::<Utc>::from(

        std::time::UNIX_EPOCH + std::time::Duration::from_secs(op.timestamp.as_secs()),

    )
@@ -317,18 +607,46 @@ fn print_op_pretty(op: Op<Vec<u8>>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    Ok(())

}
- 
fn print_op_json(op: Op<Vec<u8>>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+ 
fn print_op_json(op: cob::Op<Vec<u8>>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {

    let mut ser = json!(op);
- 
    ser.as_object_mut().unwrap().insert(
- 
        "actions".to_string(),
- 
        json!(op
- 
            .actions
- 
            .iter()
- 
            .map(|action: &Vec<u8>| -> Result<serde_json::Value, _> {
- 
                serde_json::from_slice(action)
- 
            })
- 
            .collect::<Result<Vec<serde_json::Value>, _>>()?),
- 
    );
+ 
    ser.as_object_mut()
+ 
        .expect("ops must serialize to objects")
+ 
        .insert(
+ 
            "actions".to_string(),
+ 
            json!(op
+ 
                .actions
+ 
                .iter()
+ 
                .map(|action: &Vec<u8>| -> Result<serde_json::Value, _> {
+ 
                    serde_json::from_slice(action)
+ 
                })
+ 
                .collect::<Result<Vec<serde_json::Value>, _>>()?),
+ 
        );

    term::print(ser);

    Ok(())

}
+
+ 
/// Naive implementation for reading JSONL streams,
+ 
/// see <https://jsonlines.org/>.
+ 
fn read_jsonl<R, T>(reader: io::BufReader<R>) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<T>>
+ 
where
+ 
    R: io::Read,
+ 
    T: serde::de::DeserializeOwned,
+ 
{
+ 
    use io::BufRead as _;
+ 
    let mut result: Vec<T> = Vec::new();
+ 
    for line in reader.lines() {
+ 
        result.push(serde_json::from_str(&line?)?);
+ 
    }
+ 
    Ok(result)
+ 
}
+
+ 
/// Tiny utility to read a [`NonEmpty`] of COB actions.
+ 
/// This is used for `rad cob create` and `rad cob update`.
+ 
fn read_jsonl_actions<R, A>(reader: io::BufReader<R>) -> anyhow::Result<NonEmpty<A>>
+ 
where
+ 
    R: io::Read,
+ 
    A: CobAction + serde::de::DeserializeOwned,
+ 
{
+ 
    NonEmpty::from_vec(read_jsonl(reader)?)
+ 
        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("at least one action is required"))
+ 
}
modified radicle-cli/tests/commands.rs
@@ -159,6 +159,92 @@ fn rad_issue() {
}



#[test]
+ 
fn rad_cob_update() {
+ 
    let mut environment = Environment::new();
+ 
    let profile = environment.profile(config::profile("alice"));
+ 
    let working = environment.tmp().join("working");
+ 
    let home = &profile.home;
+
+ 
    let base = Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"));
+
+ 
    std::fs::create_dir_all(base).unwrap();
+ 
    std::fs::create_dir_all(working.clone()).unwrap();
+
+ 
    // Setup a test repository.
+ 
    fixtures::repository(&working);
+
+ 
    test("examples/rad-init.md", &working, Some(home), []).unwrap();
+ 
    test("examples/rad-cob-update.md", &working, Some(home), []).unwrap();
+ 
}
+
+ 
#[test]
+ 
fn rad_cob_update_identity() {
+ 
    let mut environment = Environment::new();
+ 
    let profile = environment.profile(config::profile("alice"));
+ 
    let working = environment.tmp().join("working");
+ 
    let home = &profile.home;
+
+ 
    let base = Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"));
+
+ 
    std::fs::create_dir_all(base).unwrap();
+ 
    std::fs::create_dir_all(working.clone()).unwrap();
+
+ 
    // Setup a test repository.
+ 
    fixtures::repository(&working);
+
+ 
    test("examples/rad-init.md", &working, Some(home), []).unwrap();
+ 
    test(
+ 
        "examples/rad-cob-update-identity.md",
+ 
        &working,
+ 
        Some(home),
+ 
        [],
+ 
    )
+ 
    .unwrap();
+ 
}
+
+ 
#[test]
+ 
fn rad_cob_multiset() {
+ 
    {
+ 
        // `rad-cob-multiset` is a `jq` script, which requires `jq` to be installed.
+ 
        // We test whether `jq` is installed, and have this test succeed if it is not.
+ 
        // Programmatic skipping of tests is not supported as of 2024-08.
+
+ 
        let output = std::process::Command::new("/usr/bin/env")
+ 
            .arg("jq")
+ 
            .arg("-V")
+ 
            .output()
+ 
            .unwrap();
+
+ 
        if !output.status.success() {
+ 
            log::warn!(target: "test", "`jq` not found. Succeeding prematurely. {:?}", output);
+ 
            return;
+ 
        }
+ 
    }
+
+ 
    let mut environment = Environment::new();
+ 
    let profile = environment.profile(config::profile("alice"));
+ 
    let home = &profile.home;
+ 
    let working = environment.tmp().join("working");
+
+ 
    let base = Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"));
+ 
    std::fs::create_dir_all(base).unwrap();
+ 
    std::fs::create_dir_all(working.clone()).unwrap();
+
+ 
    // Copy over the script that implements the multiset COB.
+ 
    std::fs::copy(
+ 
        base.join("examples").join("rad-cob-multiset"),
+ 
        working.join("rad-cob-multiset"),
+ 
    )
+ 
    .unwrap();
+
+ 
    // Setup a test repository.
+ 
    fixtures::repository(&working);
+
+ 
    test("examples/rad-init.md", &working, Some(home), []).unwrap();
+ 
    test("examples/rad-cob-multiset.md", &working, Some(home), []).unwrap();
+ 
}
+
+ 
#[test]

fn rad_cob_log() {

    let mut environment = Environment::new();

    let profile = environment.profile(config::profile("alice"));
modified radicle-node/src/worker/fetch.rs
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ fn update_or_remove<R, C, T>(
) -> Result<(), error::Cache>

where

    R: cob::Store + ReadRepository,
- 
    T: cob::Evaluate<R> + cob::store::Cob,
+ 
    T: cob::Evaluate<R> + cob::store::Cob + cob::store::CobWithType,

    C: cob::cache::Update<T> + cob::cache::Remove<T>,

{

    match store.get(&tid.id) {
modified radicle/src/cob.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
#![warn(clippy::unwrap_used)]

pub mod cache;

pub mod common;
+ 
pub mod external;

pub mod identity;

pub mod issue;

pub mod job;
added radicle/src/cob/external.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+ 
//! # External Collaborative Objects
+ 
//!
+ 
//! This module provides an interface for external helper programs to provide
+ 
//! the evaluation logic of Collaborative Objects (COBs).
+ 
//!
+ 
//! An external COB is one that relies on an external program (so called
+ 
//! "helper", is an executable file, for example a script, or a binary), that
+ 
//! implements the evaluation logic for that particular COB:
+ 
//! Whenever an operation is to be applied to an external COB, the helper is
+ 
//! invoked with the current state of the COB and the operation to be applied.
+ 
//! It then returns the new state of the COB, according to its internal logic.
+ 
//! This concept is borrowed from Git, which supports [remote helpers] and
+ 
//! [credential helpers].
+ 
//!
+ 
//! External COBs must be based on JSON, that is, the COB itself and associated
+ 
//! actions must serialize to and deserialize from JSON.
+ 
//! Further, the helper must be able to communicate to Radicle using
+ 
//! [JSON Lines] (see further details below).
+ 
//!
+ 
//! # Invocation
+ 
//!
+ 
//! The helper is invoked by Radicle without command line arguments.
+ 
//! In the future, more arguments might be added.
+ 
//!
+ 
//! # Helper Protocol
+ 
//!
+ 
//! Radicle and the helper communicate back and forth [JSON Lines] via standard
+ 
//! streams.
+ 
//!
+ 
//!  1. The helper must read and process at least one JSON Line (containing one
+ 
//!     operation) from standard input, which represents the operation to be
+ 
//!     applied to the COB, along with possible concurrent operations.
+ 
//!  2. The helper must write the new state of COB to standard output in a JSON
+ 
//!     Line.
+ 
//!  3. The helper may read additional JSON Lines from standard input, these are
+ 
//!     to be applied "on top of" the previous operations.
+ 
//!  4. The helper must reply with the state of the COB in a JSON Line after
+ 
//!     processing each operation.
+ 
//!  5. The helper must exit with a status code of zero on success, and a
+ 
//!     non-zero status code on failure.
+ 
//!  6. The helper may write to standard error for logging and debugging
+ 
//!     purposes.
+ 
//!
+ 
//! # Syntax of Operations
+ 
//!
+ 
//! The operations sent from Radicle to the helper are of the following shape:
+ 
//!
+ 
//! ```json
+ 
//! {
+ 
//!     "title": "Operation as sent to helper"
+ 
//!     "type": "object",
+ 
//!     "properties": {
+ 
//!         "concurrent": {
+ 
//!             "type": "array",
+ 
//!             "items": {
+ 
//!                 "$ref": "#/definitions/radicle::cob::Op"
+ 
//!             }
+ 
//!         },
+ 
//!         "value": {
+ 
//!             "type": "object",
+ 
//!             "properties": {
+ 
//!                 "prop": {
+ 
//!                     "$ref": "#/definitions/radicle::cob::external::External"
+ 
//!                 }
+ 
//!             }
+ 
//!         },
+ 
//!         "op": {
+ 
//!             "type": "object",
+ 
//!             "properties": {
+ 
//!                 "prop": {
+ 
//!                     "$ref": "#/definitions/radicle::cob::Op"
+ 
//!                 }
+ 
//!             }
+ 
//!         }
+ 
//!     },
+ 
//! }
+ 
//! ```
+ 
//!
+ 
//! [JSON Lines]: https://jsonlines.org/
+ 
//! [credential helpers]: https://git-scm.com/doc/credential-helpers
+ 
//! [remote helpers]: https://git-scm.com/docs/gitremote-helpers
+
+ 
use std::collections::HashMap;
+ 
use std::io::{Error as IoError, ErrorKind};
+ 
use std::process::{Command, Stdio};
+
+ 
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+ 
use thiserror::Error;
+
+ 
use serde_json::{from_slice, to_writer, Error as JsonError, Map, Value};
+
+ 
use crate::cob::object::collaboration::Evaluate;
+ 
use crate::cob::op::{Op as CobOp, OpEncodingError};
+ 
use crate::cob::store::{Cob, CobAction};
+ 
use crate::git::Oid;
+ 
use crate::storage::ReadRepository;
+
+ 
/// This prefix is used to generate the name of the command,
+ 
/// which is executed by the helper to apply operations.
+ 
static COB_EXTERNAL_COMMAND_PREFIX: &str = "rad-cob-";
+
+ 
#[derive(PartialEq, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+ 
pub struct External(Value);
+
+ 
impl Default for External {
+ 
    fn default() -> Self {
+ 
        Self(Value::Object(Map::default()))
+ 
    }
+ 
}
+
+ 
#[derive(Error, Debug)]
+ 
pub enum Error {
+ 
    #[error("op decoding failed: {0}")]
+ 
    Op(#[from] OpEncodingError),
+ 
    #[error("serde_json: {0}")]
+ 
    Serde(#[from] JsonError),
+ 
    #[error("io: {0}")]
+ 
    Io(#[from] IoError),
+ 
}
+
+ 
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+ 
pub struct Action {
+ 
    #[serde(default)]
+ 
    parents: Vec<Oid>,
+
+ 
    #[serde(flatten)]
+ 
    map: HashMap<String, Value>,
+ 
}
+
+ 
impl CobAction for Action {
+ 
    fn parents(&self) -> Vec<Oid> {
+ 
        self.parents.clone()
+ 
    }
+ 
}
+
+ 
impl From<Action> for nonempty::NonEmpty<Action> {
+ 
    fn from(action: Action) -> Self {
+ 
        Self::new(action)
+ 
    }
+ 
}
+
+ 
pub type Op = CobOp<Action>;
+
+ 
impl External {
+ 
    fn handle<R: ReadRepository>(
+ 
        &mut self,
+ 
        op: Op,
+ 
        concurrent: Vec<Op>,
+ 
        _repo: &R,
+ 
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+ 
        let command_name = {
+ 
            let prefix = String::from(COB_EXTERNAL_COMMAND_PREFIX);
+ 
            let type_name = op.manifest.type_name.to_string();
+ 
            let suffix = type_name
+ 
                .rsplit_once('.')
+ 
                .map(|(_, suffix)| suffix)
+ 
                .unwrap_or(type_name.as_str());
+ 
            prefix + suffix
+ 
        };
+
+ 
        let child = Command::new(command_name)
+ 
            .stdin(Stdio::piped())
+ 
            .stdout(Stdio::piped())
+ 
            .spawn()?;
+
+ 
        let Some(stdin) = &child.stdin else {
+ 
            return Err(Error::Io(IoError::new(
+ 
                ErrorKind::BrokenPipe,
+ 
                "stdin not available",
+ 
            )));
+ 
        };
+
+ 
        #[derive(Serialize)]
+ 
        struct OpMessage {
+ 
            value: Value,
+ 
            op: Op,
+ 
            concurrent: Vec<Op>,
+ 
        }
+
+ 
        to_writer(
+ 
            stdin,
+ 
            &OpMessage {
+ 
                value: self.0.clone(),
+ 
                op,
+ 
                concurrent,
+ 
            },
+ 
        )?;
+
+ 
        self.0 = from_slice(&child.wait_with_output()?.stdout)?;
+ 
        Ok(())
+ 
    }
+ 
}
+
+ 
impl Cob for External {
+ 
    type Action = Action;
+ 
    type Error = Error;
+
+ 
    fn from_root<R: ReadRepository>(
+ 
        op: super::Op<Self::Action>,
+ 
        repo: &R,
+ 
    ) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+ 
        let mut root = Self::default();
+ 
        root.handle(op, vec![], repo)?;
+ 
        Ok(root)
+ 
    }
+
+ 
    fn op<'a, R: ReadRepository, I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a super::Entry>>(
+ 
        &mut self,
+ 
        op: super::Op<Self::Action>,
+ 
        concurrent: I,
+ 
        repo: &R,
+ 
    ) -> Result<(), <Self as Cob>::Error> {
+ 
        let concurrent: Vec<Op> = concurrent
+ 
            .into_iter()
+ 
            .map(Op::try_from)
+ 
            .collect::<Result<Vec<Op>, _>>()?;
+ 
        self.handle(op, concurrent, repo)
+ 
    }
+ 
}
+
+ 
impl<R: ReadRepository> Evaluate<R> for External {
+ 
    type Error = Error;
+
+ 
    fn init(entry: &radicle_cob::Entry, store: &R) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+ 
        Self::from_root(Op::try_from(entry)?, store)
+ 
    }
+
+ 
    fn apply<'a, I: Iterator<Item = (&'a radicle_git_ext::Oid, &'a radicle_cob::Entry)>>(
+ 
        &mut self,
+ 
        entry: &radicle_cob::Entry,
+ 
        concurrent: I,
+ 
        repo: &R,
+ 
    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+ 
        let concurrent: Vec<Op> = concurrent
+ 
            .map(|(_, e)| e)
+ 
            .map(Op::try_from)
+ 
            .collect::<Result<Vec<Op>, _>>()?;
+ 
        self.handle(Op::try_from(entry)?, concurrent, repo)
+ 
    }
+ 
}
modified radicle/src/cob/identity.rs
@@ -155,6 +155,12 @@ pub struct Identity {
    timeline: Vec<EntryId>,

}
+ 
impl cob::store::CobWithType for Identity {
+ 
    fn type_name() -> &'static TypeName {
+ 
        &TYPENAME
+ 
    }
+ 
}
+ 


impl std::ops::Deref for Identity {

    type Target = Revision;
@@ -206,6 +212,8 @@ impl Identity {
        object: &ObjectId,

        repo: &R,

    ) -> Result<Identity, store::Error> {
+ 
        use cob::store::CobWithType;
+ 


        cob::get::<Self, _>(repo, Self::type_name(), object)

            .map(|r| r.map(|cob| cob.object))?

            .ok_or_else(move || store::Error::NotFound(TYPENAME.clone(), *object))
@@ -293,10 +301,6 @@ impl store::Cob for Identity {
    type Action = Action;

    type Error = ApplyError;
- 
    fn type_name() -> &'static TypeName {
- 
        &TYPENAME
- 
    }
- 


    fn from_root<R: ReadRepository>(op: Op, repo: &R) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {

        let mut actions = op.actions.into_iter();

        let Some(Action::Revision {
modified radicle/src/cob/issue.rs
@@ -142,13 +142,15 @@ pub struct Issue {
    pub(super) thread: Thread,

}
- 
impl store::Cob for Issue {
- 
    type Action = Action;
- 
    type Error = Error;
-
+ 
impl cob::store::CobWithType for Issue {

    fn type_name() -> &'static TypeName {

        &TYPENAME

    }
+ 
}
+
+ 
impl store::Cob for Issue {
+ 
    type Action = Action;
+ 
    type Error = Error;



    fn from_root<R: ReadRepository>(op: Op, repo: &R) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {

        let doc = op.identity_doc(repo)?.ok_or(Error::MissingIdentity)?;
@@ -941,7 +943,7 @@ mod test {
    use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;



    use super::*;
- 
    use crate::cob::{ActorId, Reaction};
+ 
    use crate::cob::{store::CobWithType, ActorId, Reaction};

    use crate::git::Oid;

    use crate::issue::cache::Issues as _;

    use crate::test;
modified radicle/src/cob/job.rs
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ use crate::git;
use crate::prelude::ReadRepository;

use crate::storage::{Oid, WriteRepository};
+ 
use super::store::CobWithType;
+ 


/// The name of this COB type. Note that this is a "beta" COB, which

/// means it's not meant for others to rely on yet, and we may change

/// it without warning.
@@ -213,10 +215,6 @@ impl Cob for Job {
    type Action = Action;

    type Error = Error;
- 
    fn type_name() -> &'static TypeName {
- 
        &TYPENAME
- 
    }
- 


    fn from_root<R: ReadRepository>(op: Op, _repo: &R) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {

        let mut actions = op.actions.into_iter();

        let Some(Action::Trigger { commit }) = actions.next() else {
@@ -245,6 +243,12 @@ impl Cob for Job {
    }

}
+ 
impl CobWithType for Job {
+ 
    fn type_name() -> &'static TypeName {
+ 
        &TYPENAME
+ 
    }
+ 
}
+ 


impl<R: ReadRepository> cob::Evaluate<R> for Job {

    type Error = Error;
modified radicle/src/cob/patch.rs
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ pub enum Error {
    /// This error indicates that the operations are not being applied

    /// in causal order, which is a requirement for this CRDT.

    ///
- 
    /// For example, this can occur if an operation references anothern operation
+ 
    /// For example, this can occur if an operation references another operation

    /// that hasn't happened yet.

    #[error("causal dependency {0:?} missing")]

    Missing(EntryId),
@@ -1156,13 +1156,15 @@ impl Patch {
    }

}
- 
impl store::Cob for Patch {
- 
    type Action = Action;
- 
    type Error = Error;
-
+ 
impl cob::store::CobWithType for Patch {

    fn type_name() -> &'static TypeName {

        &TYPENAME

    }
+ 
}
+
+ 
impl store::Cob for Patch {
+ 
    type Action = Action;
+ 
    type Error = Error;



    fn from_root<R: ReadRepository>(op: Op, repo: &R) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {

        let doc = op.identity_doc(repo)?.ok_or(Error::MissingIdentity)?;
modified radicle/src/cob/store.rs
@@ -31,9 +31,6 @@ pub trait Cob: Sized + PartialEq + Debug {
    /// Error returned by `apply` function.

    type Error: std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static;
- 
    /// The object type name.
- 
    fn type_name() -> &'static TypeName;
- 


    /// Initialize a collarorative object from a root operation.

    fn from_root<R: ReadRepository>(op: Op<Self::Action>, repo: &R) -> Result<Self, Self::Error>;
@@ -50,7 +47,10 @@ pub trait Cob: Sized + PartialEq + Debug {
    fn from_history<R: ReadRepository>(

        history: &crate::cob::History,

        repo: &R,
- 
    ) -> Result<Self, test::HistoryError<Self>> {
+ 
    ) -> Result<Self, test::HistoryError<Self>>
+ 
    where
+ 
        Self: CobWithType,
+ 
    {

        test::from_history::<R, Self>(history, repo)

    }
@@ -73,6 +73,15 @@ pub trait Cob: Sized + PartialEq + Debug {
    }

}
+ 
/// Implementations are statically associated with a particular
+ 
/// type name of a collaborative object.
+ 
///
+ 
/// In most cases, this trait should be used in tandem with [`Cob`].
+ 
pub trait CobWithType {
+ 
    /// The type name of the collaborative object type which backs this implementation.
+ 
    fn type_name() -> &'static TypeName;
+ 
}
+ 


/// Store error.

#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]

pub enum Error {
@@ -109,6 +118,7 @@ pub struct Store<'a, T, R> {
    identity: Option<git::Oid>,

    repo: &'a R,

    witness: PhantomData<T>,
+ 
    type_name: &'a TypeName,

}



impl<T, R> AsRef<R> for Store<'_, T, R> {
@@ -122,11 +132,12 @@ where
    R: ReadRepository + cob::Store,

{

    /// Open a new generic store.
- 
    pub fn open(repo: &'a R) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+ 
    pub fn open_for(type_name: &'a TypeName, repo: &'a R) -> Result<Self, Error> {

        Ok(Self {

            repo,

            identity: None,

            witness: PhantomData,
+ 
            type_name,

        })

    }
@@ -136,10 +147,41 @@ where
            repo: self.repo,

            witness: self.witness,

            identity: Some(identity),
+ 
            type_name: self.type_name,

        }

    }

}
+ 
impl<'a, T, R> Store<'a, T, R>
+ 
where
+ 
    R: ReadRepository + cob::Store,
+ 
    T: CobWithType,
+ 
{
+ 
    /// Open a new generic store.
+ 
    pub fn open(repo: &'a R) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+ 
        Ok(Self {
+ 
            repo,
+ 
            identity: None,
+ 
            witness: PhantomData,
+ 
            type_name: T::type_name(),
+ 
        })
+ 
    }
+ 
}
+
+ 
impl<T, R> Store<'_, T, R>
+ 
where
+ 
    R: ReadRepository + cob::Store,
+ 
    T: Cob + cob::Evaluate<R>,
+ 
{
+ 
    pub fn transaction(
+ 
        &self,
+ 
        actions: Vec<T::Action>,
+ 
        embeds: Vec<Embed<Uri>>,
+ 
    ) -> Transaction<T, R> {
+ 
        Transaction::new(self.type_name.clone(), actions, embeds)
+ 
    }
+ 
}
+ 


impl<T, R> Store<'_, T, R>

where

    R: ReadRepository + SignRepository + cob::Store,
@@ -149,6 +191,7 @@ where
    /// Update an object.

    pub fn update<G: Signer>(

        &self,
+ 
        type_name: &TypeName,

        object_id: ObjectId,

        message: &str,

        actions: impl Into<NonEmpty<T::Action>>,
@@ -175,7 +218,7 @@ where
            signer.public_key(),

            Update {

                object_id,
- 
                type_name: T::type_name().clone(),
+ 
                type_name: type_name.clone(),

                message: message.to_owned(),

                embeds,

                changes,
@@ -215,7 +258,7 @@ where
            parents,

            signer.public_key(),

            Create {
- 
                type_name: T::type_name().clone(),
+ 
                type_name: self.type_name.clone(),

                version: Version::default(),

                message: message.to_owned(),

                embeds,
@@ -225,7 +268,7 @@ where
        // Nb. We can't sign our refs before the identity refs exist, which are created after

        // the identity COB is created. Therefore we manually sign refs when creating identity

        // COBs.
- 
        if T::type_name() != &*crate::cob::identity::TYPENAME {
+ 
        if self.type_name != &*crate::cob::identity::TYPENAME {

            self.repo

                .sign_refs(signer)

                .map_err(|e| Error::SignRefs(Box::new(e)))?;
@@ -235,13 +278,13 @@ where


    /// Remove an object.

    pub fn remove<G: Signer>(&self, id: &ObjectId, signer: &G) -> Result<(), Error> {
- 
        let name = git::refs::storage::cob(signer.public_key(), T::type_name(), id);
+ 
        let name = git::refs::storage::cob(signer.public_key(), self.type_name, id);

        match self

            .repo

            .reference_oid(signer.public_key(), &name.strip_namespace())

        {

            Ok(_) => {
- 
                cob::remove(self.repo, signer.public_key(), T::type_name(), id)?;
+ 
                cob::remove(self.repo, signer.public_key(), self.type_name, id)?;

                self.repo

                    .sign_refs(signer)

                    .map_err(|e| Error::SignRefs(Box::new(e)))?;
@@ -259,12 +302,12 @@ where
impl<'a, T, R> Store<'a, T, R>

where

    R: ReadRepository + cob::Store,
- 
    T: cob::Evaluate<R> + Cob,
+ 
    T: Cob + cob::Evaluate<R>,

    T::Action: Serialize,

{

    /// Get an object.

    pub fn get(&self, id: &ObjectId) -> Result<Option<T>, Error> {
- 
        cob::get::<T, _>(self.repo, T::type_name(), id)
+ 
        cob::get::<T, _>(self.repo, self.type_name, id)

            .map(|r| r.map(|cob| cob.object))

            .map_err(Error::from)

    }
@@ -273,7 +316,7 @@ where
    pub fn all(

        &self,

    ) -> Result<impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = Result<(ObjectId, T), Error>> + 'a, Error> {
- 
        let raw = cob::list::<T, _>(self.repo, T::type_name())?;
+ 
        let raw = cob::list::<T, _>(self.repo, self.type_name)?;



        Ok(raw.into_iter().map(|o| Ok((*o.id(), o.object))))

    }
@@ -285,7 +328,7 @@ where


    /// Return objects count.

    pub fn count(&self) -> Result<usize, Error> {
- 
        let raw = cob::list::<T, _>(self.repo, T::type_name())?;
+ 
        let raw = cob::list::<T, _>(self.repo, self.type_name)?;



        Ok(raw.len())

    }
@@ -296,15 +339,18 @@ where
pub struct Transaction<T: Cob + cob::Evaluate<R>, R> {

    actions: Vec<T::Action>,

    embeds: Vec<Embed<Uri>>,
+ 


    repo: PhantomData<R>,
+ 
    type_name: TypeName,

}
- 
impl<T: Cob + cob::Evaluate<R>, R> Default for Transaction<T, R> {
+ 
impl<T: Cob + CobWithType + cob::Evaluate<R>, R> Default for Transaction<T, R> {

    fn default() -> Self {

        Self {

            actions: Vec::new(),

            embeds: Vec::new(),

            repo: PhantomData,
+ 
            type_name: T::type_name().clone(),

        }

    }

}
@@ -313,6 +359,20 @@ impl<T, R> Transaction<T, R>
where

    T: Cob + cob::Evaluate<R>,

{
+ 
    pub fn new(type_name: TypeName, actions: Vec<T::Action>, embeds: Vec<Embed<Uri>>) -> Self {
+ 
        Self {
+ 
            actions,
+ 
            embeds,
+ 
            repo: PhantomData,
+ 
            type_name,
+ 
        }
+ 
    }
+ 
}
+
+ 
impl<T, R> Transaction<T, R>
+ 
where
+ 
    T: Cob + CobWithType + cob::Evaluate<R>,
+ 
{

    /// Create a new transaction to be used as the initial set of operations for a COB.

    pub fn initial<G, F, Tx>(

        message: &str,
@@ -337,14 +397,26 @@ where


        store.create(message, actions, tx.embeds, signer)

    }
+ 
}
- 
    /// Add an operation to this transaction.
+ 
impl<T, R> Transaction<T, R>
+ 
where
+ 
    T: Cob + cob::Evaluate<R>,
+ 
{
+ 
    /// Add an action to this transaction.

    pub fn push(&mut self, action: T::Action) -> Result<(), Error> {

        self.actions.push(action);



        Ok(())

    }
+ 
    /// Add actions to this transaction.
+ 
    pub fn extend(&mut self, actions: impl IntoIterator<Item = T::Action>) -> Result<(), Error> {
+ 
        self.actions.extend(actions);
+
+ 
        Ok(())
+ 
    }
+ 


    /// Embed media into the transaction.

    pub fn embed(&mut self, embeds: impl IntoIterator<Item = Embed<Uri>>) -> Result<(), Error> {

        self.embeds.extend(embeds);
@@ -372,7 +444,7 @@ where
            head,

            object: CollaborativeObject { object, .. },

            ..
- 
        } = store.update(id, msg, actions, self.embeds, signer)?;
+ 
        } = store.update(&self.type_name, id, msg, actions, self.embeds, signer)?;



        Ok((object, head))

    }
@@ -424,7 +496,7 @@ pub mod test {


    /// Turn a history into a concrete type, by traversing the history and applying each operation

    /// to the state, skipping branches that return errors.
- 
    pub fn from_history<R: ReadRepository, T: Cob>(
+ 
    pub fn from_history<R: ReadRepository, T: Cob + CobWithType>(

        history: &crate::cob::History,

        repo: &R,

    ) -> Result<T, HistoryError<T>> {
modified radicle/src/cob/test.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use crate::profile::env;
use crate::storage::ReadRepository;

use crate::test::arbitrary;
- 
use super::store::Cob;
+ 
use super::store::{Cob, CobWithType};

use super::thread;



/// Convenience type for building histories.
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ impl HistoryBuilder<thread::Thread> {


impl<T: Cob> HistoryBuilder<T>

where
+ 
    T: CobWithType,

    T::Action: for<'de> Deserialize<'de> + Serialize + Eq + 'static,

{

    pub fn new<G: Signer>(actions: &[T::Action], time: Timestamp, signer: &G) -> HistoryBuilder<T> {
@@ -133,12 +134,13 @@ impl<A> Deref for HistoryBuilder<A> {
}



/// Create a new test history.
- 
pub fn history<T: Cob, G: Signer>(
+ 
pub fn history<T, G: Signer>(

    actions: &[T::Action],

    time: Timestamp,

    signer: &G,

) -> HistoryBuilder<T>

where
+ 
    T: Cob + CobWithType,

    T::Action: Serialize + Eq + 'static,

{

    HistoryBuilder::new(actions, time, signer)
@@ -163,13 +165,14 @@ impl<G> Actor<G> {


impl<G: Signer> Actor<G> {

    /// Create a new operation.
- 
    pub fn op_with<T: Cob>(
+ 
    pub fn op_with<T>(

        &mut self,

        actions: impl IntoIterator<Item = T::Action>,

        identity: Option<Oid>,

        timestamp: Timestamp,

    ) -> Op<T::Action>

    where
+ 
        T: Cob + CobWithType,

        T::Action: Clone + Serialize,

    {

        let actions = actions.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -199,8 +202,9 @@ impl<G: Signer> Actor<G> {
    }



    /// Create a new operation.
- 
    pub fn op<T: Cob>(&mut self, actions: impl IntoIterator<Item = T::Action>) -> Op<T::Action>
+ 
    pub fn op<T>(&mut self, actions: impl IntoIterator<Item = T::Action>) -> Op<T::Action>

    where
+ 
        T: Cob + CobWithType,

        T::Action: Clone + Serialize,

    {

        let identity = arbitrary::oid();
modified radicle/src/cob/thread.rs
@@ -299,6 +299,12 @@ impl<T> Default for Thread<T> {
    }

}
+ 
impl<T> cob::store::CobWithType for Thread<T> {
+ 
    fn type_name() -> &'static radicle_cob::TypeName {
+ 
        &TYPENAME
+ 
    }
+ 
}
+ 


impl<T> Thread<T> {

    pub fn new(id: CommentId, comment: T) -> Self {

        Self {
@@ -403,10 +409,6 @@ impl cob::store::Cob for Thread {
    type Action = Action;

    type Error = Error;
- 
    fn type_name() -> &'static radicle_cob::TypeName {
- 
        &TYPENAME
- 
    }
- 


    fn from_root<R: ReadRepository>(op: Op<Action>, repo: &R) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {

        let author = op.author;

        let entry = op.id;
modified radicle/src/identity.rs
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ pub use did::Did;
pub use doc::{Doc, DocAt, DocError, IdError, PayloadError, RawDoc, RepoId, Visibility};

pub use project::Project;
- 
pub use crate::cob::identity::{Error, Identity, IdentityMut};
+ 
pub use crate::cob::identity::{Action, Error, Identity, IdentityMut, TYPENAME};
modified radicle/src/lib.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ pub mod test;
pub mod version;

pub mod web;
- 
pub use cob::{issue, patch};
+ 
pub use cob::{external, issue, patch};

pub use node::Node;

pub use profile::Profile;

pub use storage::git::Storage;